ऀഀഊഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀㰀戀㸀愀爀椀琀栀洀漀氀漀最礀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊ ഀഊThe mathematical science of absolute quantity (see quadrivium). The term is based on the ऀ䜀爀攀攀欀 眀漀爀搀 㰀椀㸀愀爀椀琀栀洀漀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 ∀渀甀洀戀攀爀Ⰰ∀ 戀甀琀 眀椀琀栀 瀀氀甀爀愀氀椀琀礀 椀洀瀀氀椀攀搀㨀 㰀椀㸀漀渀攀 㰀⼀椀㸀眀愀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀ഀഊ Greeks, not a number, but the source or principle of number. Arithmetic, then, treats the progression of numbers, ऀ琀栀攀椀爀 戀愀猀椀挀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 椀渀琀漀 漀搀搀 愀渀搀 攀瘀攀渀 ⠀琀栀攀 琀眀漀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 挀氀愀猀猀攀猀 漀昀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀 椀渀 愀渀琀椀焀甀椀琀礀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀愀猀椀挀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀ഀഊ such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
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ऀഀഊഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀㰀戀㸀最攀洀愀琀爀椀愀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊThis term was reintroduced by A. Delatte, who observed it in the title of an ऀ愀渀漀渀礀洀漀甀猀 琀爀攀愀琀椀猀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 椀渀 愀渀 攀椀最栀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 洀愀渀甀猀挀爀椀瀀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 眀漀爀搀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 愀 㰀椀㸀栀愀瀀愀砀 氀攀最漀洀攀渀漀渀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰഀഊ and late in Greek literature, but it is useful nonetheless. Scholars apply it generally to any kind of number symbolism ऀ漀爀 渀甀洀攀爀漀氀漀最礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 眀漀爀氀搀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ ഀഊ
astronomy
ഀഊ 㰀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀吀栀攀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 洀愀最渀椀琀甀搀攀 ⠀猀攀攀 㰀戀㸀焀甀愀搀爀椀瘀椀甀洀㰀⼀戀㸀⤀Ⰰ 洀漀爀攀 挀漀渀瘀攀渀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰഀഊ the mathematical science of the motions and relations of the heavenly bodies. Some ancient authors combine, others ऀ猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀Ⰰ 猀琀攀爀攀漀洀攀琀爀礀㰀戀㸀㰀椀㸀 㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀昀爀漀洀 愀猀琀爀漀渀漀洀礀⸀ 䄀渀挀椀攀渀琀 愀猀琀爀漀渀漀洀攀爀猀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 搀椀猀琀椀渀最甀椀猀栀 㰀椀㸀愀猀琀爀漀氀漀最礀㰀⼀椀㸀 昀爀漀洀ഀഊ astronomy, although they seem to have used the same science to different ends, thereby forming the basis ऀ昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 昀椀爀猀琀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀椀砀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ 䄀猀 琀栀攀 昀漀甀爀琀栀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 搀椀猀挀椀瀀氀椀渀攀Ⰰ 椀琀ഀഊ is also the most complex. ഀഊ
ऀഀഊഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀㰀戀㸀最攀漀洀攀琀爀礀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊSee isopsephy.
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ऀഀഊഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀㰀戀㸀椀猀漀瀀猀攀瀀栀礀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊThe mathematical science of absolute magnitude (see quadrivium). The term is based on ऀ愀 挀漀洀戀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 䜀爀攀攀欀 眀漀爀搀猀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 ∀氀愀渀搀∀ 愀渀搀 ∀洀攀愀猀甀爀攀Ⰰ∀ 瀀爀漀戀愀戀氀礀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 椀琀猀 爀漀漀琀猀 椀渀ഀഊ land surveying. Ancient geometry usually dealt with objects in one or two dimensions. Some authors subsume three-dimensional ऀ漀戀樀攀挀琀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 最攀漀洀攀琀爀礀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 挀爀攀愀琀攀 愀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀 挀愀琀攀最漀爀礀Ⰰ 猀琀攀爀攀漀洀攀琀爀礀⸀ 䜀攀漀洀攀琀爀礀 愀氀猀漀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 琀爀椀最漀渀漀洀攀琀爀礀ഀഊ and the science of proportions between line segments, as seen in Euclid.
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ऀഀഊഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀㰀戀㸀洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊBetter known today as gematria, this literary device is built upon the ancient convention ऀ漀昀 愀猀猀椀最渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀氀瀀栀愀戀攀琀 渀甀洀攀爀椀挀愀氀 瘀愀氀甀攀猀⸀ 䰀攀琀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 眀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ 漀爀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 猀攀渀琀攀渀挀攀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 琀栀攀渀 戀攀 挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀搀ഀഊ or interpreted based upon the sum of their numerical values. Isopsephy first emerged as a literary phenomenon in ऀ䜀爀攀攀欀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䠀攀氀氀攀渀椀猀琀椀挀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰ 渀漀琀 洀甀挀栀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䄀⸀䐀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀搀漀瀀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀ഀഊ Greeks in the first or second century A.D., and later used in Arabic. There is no clear evidence that the practice ऀ挀愀甀最栀琀 漀渀 椀渀 䰀愀琀椀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 㰀椀㸀椀猀漀瀀猀攀瀀栀礀㰀⼀椀㸀 搀攀爀椀瘀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 䜀爀攀攀欀 琀攀爀洀猀 琀栀愀琀 洀攀愀渀 氀椀琀攀爀愀氀氀礀 ∀攀焀甀愀氀 挀漀甀渀琀Ⰰ∀ഀഊ and refers to the specific practice of taking a verse or phrase and finding another one equal in count to it. It ऀ椀猀 愀氀猀漀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀 琀漀 爀攀昀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 愀猀 㰀椀㸀瀀猀攀瀀栀礀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀攀爀椀挀愀氀 瘀愀氀甀攀 漀昀 愀 眀漀爀搀 漀爀 瀀栀爀愀猀攀 愀猀 椀琀猀 㰀椀㸀瀀猀攀瀀栀椀挀㰀⼀椀㸀ഀഊ value. The term gematria is a Hebrew calque on the Greek grammateia, and was initially applied to ऀ搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 欀椀渀搀猀 漀昀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 昀漀爀 氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀椀砀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䄀⸀䐀⸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀氀礀ഀഊ specifically to isopsephy. N.B., many scholars would like to assign the linguistic origins of isopsephy to Hebrew, ऀ愀渀搀 椀琀猀 漀爀椀最椀渀 椀渀 䈀椀戀氀椀挀愀氀 琀椀洀攀猀⸀ 䤀 愀爀最甀攀 椀渀 洀礀 搀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀椀氀氀 愀爀最甀攀 椀渀 昀甀琀甀爀攀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀ഀഊ basis for this claim.
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ऀഀഊഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀㰀戀㸀渀甀洀戀攀爀 猀礀洀戀漀氀椀猀洀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊThe modern definition of the term encompasses a great variety of pure sciences, ranging from ऀ猀椀洀瀀氀攀 愀爀椀琀栀洀攀琀椀挀 琀漀 猀琀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀漀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 䜀爀攀攀欀 眀漀爀搀 甀瀀漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 漀甀爀猀 椀猀 戀愀猀攀搀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀洀愀琀栀攀洀愀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 爀攀昀攀爀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 琀漀ഀഊ something learned, but more specifically to sciences concerned with quantity and magnitude. Under the scheme of ऀ洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 琀栀攀 戀愀猀椀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀攀搀椀攀瘀愀氀 㰀戀㸀焀甀愀搀爀椀瘀椀甀洀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 昀漀甀爀 㰀椀㸀洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀愀㰀⼀椀㸀 眀攀爀攀 㰀戀㸀愀爀椀琀栀洀攀琀椀挀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰഀഊ geometry, music, and astronomy (sometimes called stereometry). Throughout this website, I ऀ甀猀攀 㰀椀㸀洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 猀攀渀猀攀 ⠀愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀渀猀攀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 攀椀最栀琀攀攀渀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⤀Ⰰഀഊ to refer to all four sciences, and not just arithmetic, geometry, and other disciplines thought of today as constituting ऀ洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ ഀഊ
music
ഀഊ 㰀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀吀栀攀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀 ⠀猀攀攀 㰀戀㸀焀甀愀搀爀椀瘀椀甀洀㰀⼀戀㸀㬀 戀甀琀 渀漀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 洀甀猀椀挀 昀愀椀氀攀搀ഀഊ to make it into many ancient lists of what constituted mathematics), but more conventionally, the mathematical ऀ猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀漀渀愀氀椀琀礀⸀ 䴀甀猀椀挀愀氀 琀漀渀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 漀昀 椀渀 琀攀爀洀猀 漀昀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀眀漀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀Ⰰ 攀⸀最⸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀挀琀愀瘀攀Ⰰഀഊ which exhibits the ratio two to one. Of the four branches of ancient mathematics, music is the least well preserved. ഀഊ
ऀഀഊഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀㰀戀㸀渀甀洀攀爀漀氀漀最礀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊThe use of numbers to represent other realities, or to bring together them into relation with ऀ攀愀挀栀 漀琀栀攀爀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 攀瀀椀琀栀攀琀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀⸀ 䘀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 猀攀瘀攀渀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 㰀椀㸀䄀琀栀攀渀愀 㰀⼀椀㸀漀爀ഀഊ ever-virgin because it is neither the product nor the factor of any number ten or less. In a case like this, ऀ琀栀攀 愀爀椀琀栀洀攀琀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 猀攀瘀攀渀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 瘀椀爀最椀渀椀琀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瘀椀挀攀 瘀攀爀猀愀⸀ 吀漀 琀愀欀攀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰഀഊ Platonic texts often use the numerical connection between the seven planets and the seven notes in the scale to ऀ搀椀猀挀甀猀猀 琀栀攀 洀甀猀椀挀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀攀猀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀猀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 猀攀瘀攀渀 猀攀爀瘀攀猀 愀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 琀椀攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 漀琀栀攀爀眀椀猀攀 搀椀猀挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀ഀഊ realities. Compare numerology.
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ऀഀഊLoosely, any non-mathematical use or interpretation of numbers. Most English dictionaries specify ऀ琀栀愀琀 渀甀洀攀爀漀氀漀最礀 琀爀攀愀琀猀 琀栀攀 漀挀挀甀氀琀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 焀甀愀氀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀⸀ 䰀椀欀攀 㰀椀㸀愀猀琀爀漀氀漀最礀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰഀഊ in its modern usage numerology should refer to acts of prognostication and magic that use numbers to uncover ऀ漀爀 琀漀 洀愀渀椀瀀甀氀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 栀椀搀搀攀渀 爀攀愀氀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 愀戀漀甀琀 愀 栀愀氀昀 搀漀稀攀渀 洀愀樀漀爀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 䜀爀攀攀欀 渀甀洀攀爀椀挀愀氀ഀഊ prognostication, and an unknown number of variants. Magic regularly uses numbers, albeit not as intently or creatively ऀ愀猀 瀀爀漀最渀漀猀琀椀挀 琀攀砀琀猀⸀ 䌀漀洀瀀愀爀攀 㰀戀㸀渀甀洀戀攀爀 猀礀洀戀漀氀椀猀洀㰀⼀戀㸀⸀ 㰀椀㸀一⸀䈀⸀㨀 䤀 挀愀琀愀氀漀最甀攀 椀渀 洀礀 搀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀 昀漀爀洀猀 漀昀ഀഊ Greek numerical prognostication, as well as the manuscript evidence for each type. I also argue that it ऀ椀猀 椀洀瀀爀漀瀀攀爀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀氀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀砀攀最攀猀椀猀 漀昀 眀爀椀琀攀爀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 倀栀椀氀漀 漀爀 䌀氀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䄀氀攀砀愀渀搀爀椀愀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 㰀⼀椀㸀渀甀洀攀爀漀氀漀最礀㰀椀㸀ഀഊ since they are not interested in the occult significance of numbers, but in the hidden realities of the world and ऀ匀挀爀椀瀀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀爀攀 愀挀挀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀Ⰰ 猀礀洀戀漀氀椀挀 甀猀攀 漀昀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ ഀഊ
quadrivium ഀഊ
㰀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀吀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 䰀愀琀椀渀 琀攀爀洀Ⰰ 昀椀爀猀琀 挀漀椀渀攀搀 戀礀 䈀漀攀琀栀椀甀猀 ⠀甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 猀氀椀最栀琀 挀栀愀渀最攀 漀昀 猀瀀攀氀氀椀渀最Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀焀甀愀搀爀甀椀甀洀㰀⼀椀㸀⤀Ⰰഀഊ to describe the four mathematical disciplines (see mathematics). Although the term was developed late, the ऀ焀甀愀搀爀椀瘀椀甀洀 愀猀 愀 挀漀爀渀攀爀猀琀漀渀攀 漀昀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 瀀攀搀愀最漀最礀 最漀攀猀 戀愀挀欀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 琀漀 氀愀琀攀 愀渀琀椀焀甀椀琀礀Ⰰ 椀昀 渀漀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀⸀ 䔀瘀椀搀攀渀挀攀 昀爀漀洀ഀഊ the era of Plato, Aristotle, and their predecessors suggest that the number and order of the mathematical disciplines ऀ眀愀猀 渀漀琀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀椀稀攀搀⸀ 䤀琀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀漀欀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 昀漀甀爀昀漀氀搀 漀爀搀攀爀☀洀搀愀猀栀㬀㰀戀㸀愀爀椀琀栀洀攀琀椀挀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ 㰀戀㸀最攀漀洀攀琀爀礀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰ 㰀戀㸀洀甀猀椀挀㰀⼀戀㸀Ⰰഀഊ and astronomy—under 琀栀攀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 瀀猀攀甀搀漀ⴀ倀礀琀栀愀最漀爀攀愀渀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最猀 挀椀爀挀甀氀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀ഀഊepitomized in textbooks composed in the second century A.D. and later. 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀挀栀攀洀攀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀椀稀攀搀 戀礀 一椀挀漀洀愀挀栀甀猀 漀昀 䜀攀爀愀猀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀ഀഊis the science of quantity, and that of magnitude. Each of these 猀甀戀搀椀瘀椀搀攀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀椀攀猀⼀洀愀最渀椀琀甀搀攀猀 愀猀 攀椀琀栀攀爀ഀഊabsolutes, or in relation to each other (numbers as properties or as relations). Arithmetic ऀ椀猀 琀栀攀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀㬀 洀甀猀椀挀Ⰰ 漀昀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀礀㬀 最攀漀洀攀琀爀礀Ⰰ 漀昀 愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀 洀愀最渀椀琀甀搀攀㬀 愀猀琀爀漀渀漀洀礀Ⰰ 漀昀ഀഊ relative magnitude. NB: most scholars date the origin of the quadrivium to Archytas and other pre-Platonic thinkers. ऀ吀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 䤀 漀甀琀氀椀渀攀 栀攀爀攀 䤀 愀爀最甀攀 昀漀爀 椀渀 洀礀 搀椀猀猀攀爀琀愀琀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ ഀഊstereometry
ഀഊ 㰀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀匀攀攀 㰀戀㸀最攀漀洀攀琀爀礀㰀⼀戀㸀⸀㰀戀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ ഀഊtetraktys ഀഊ
㰀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ 㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀一漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀吀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 䐀漀爀椀挀 䜀爀攀攀欀 琀攀爀洀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 昀漀甀爀 渀甀洀戀攀爀猀 ⠀漀渀攀Ⰰ 琀眀漀Ⰰ 琀栀爀攀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 昀漀甀爀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀甀洀 漀昀ഀഊ which is ten. It was often thought of in the form of ten pebbles arranged in the shape of an isosceles triangle. ऀ吀栀攀 愀渀挀椀攀渀琀 倀礀琀栀愀最漀爀攀愀渀猀 爀攀最愀爀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 愀猀 猀愀挀爀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 甀猀攀搀 椀琀 昀漀爀 漀愀琀栀 琀愀欀椀渀最⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀ഀഊ ഀഊ㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഊ
㰀戀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀ഀഊ 㰀⼀戀漀搀礀㸀ഀഊ ਊ